• Use one-inch margins on all sides of the document.

• Place the page number on the right side of each page in the document’s header. If instructed to do so by a professor, include your last name before the page number on each page.

• Double space the document.

• Block quotes are formed when a quote runs more than 100 words. Indent the entire block of text with a 1/2-inch tab from the left margin.

• Endnotes and bibliographic entries are single-spaced with a blank line separating them.

• Indent the first line of a note entry with a 1/2-inch tab.

• Indent the second, and any subsequent, line of a bibliographic entry with a 1/2-inch tab.

• The Chicago form requires a title page. The title of the essay is centered about 1/3 down the top of the page. Place your name, course information, and date on three separate, centered lines at the center of the document.

• The title page is counted but not numbered. This means that the first page of your essay proper will be numbered 2 and your title page will have no page number on it.

Example:

Setting up the Notes page

When setting up the Notes page, use the following rules:

• Center the word “Notes” at the top of the page.

• Place the page number on the right side of each page in the document’s header. If instructed to do so by a professor, include your last name before the page number on each page.

• Single-space the endnotes with a line separating entries.

• Indent the first line of an endnote entry with a 1/2-inch tab.

Making endnote or footnote entries

When making footnote or endnote entries, the Chicago form prescribes a specific strategy designed to lessen the work involved. While this design ultimately means less typing, a number of strict rules must be followed:

• Present the citations in the numerical order as they appear within the text.

• The first time a source is cited, use the full Chicago notes form.

• If the same source is used more than once, the shorthand version of the Chicago notes form is used the second (and each subsequent) time. The shorthand version contains a) the author’s last name, b) a shortened version of the title, and c) the page number(s) of the citation.

• If a source is used twice (or more) in a row, the Latin abbreviation “Ibid.” is used along with the page number, rather than the shorthand version of the form. (Ibid. means “in the same place.”)

• If a source is used twice (or more) in a row and the citation is from the same page, “Ibid.” is used by itself without the page number.

Example:

Setting up the Bibliography page

To format a Chicago bibliography page, use the following rules:

• Place the bibliography page after the notes page.

• Place the page number on the right side of each page in the document’s header. If instructed to do so by a professor, include your last name before the page number on each page.

• Center the word “Bibliography” at the top of the page.

• Single-space entries with a line separating entries.

• Alphabetize by the author’s last name.

• Indent the second (and any subsequent) line of an entry with a 1/2-inch tab.

Example:

In-text citations

In the Chicago form, an in-text citation is indicated by a superscript number resembling the following:

Recent scholarship on the concept of sovereignty has displayed a remarkable lack of interest in Native peoples.⁷

This in-text reference will correspond to either a footnote at the bottom of the page or an endnote on the Notes page at the conclusion of the document. The reference will resemble the one below:

7. Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), 96.

A book by one author:

Multiple authors:

A book with an editor:

Book with editor only:

• If there are multiple editors, use “eds.”

An edition (other than the first):

Corporate author (written by organization or government):

An anthology:

A work in an anthology:

No author or editor:

Introduction, preface, forward or afterward:

• Substitute the word introduction with preface, afterward, or foreword as needed.

Book with a translator:

Multivolume work:

• If the volume has a separate title, place a comma after the volume number and enter its name in italics.

Book in a series:

Republished Book:

Article in a reference work, such as a dictionary or encyclopedia:

• Well-known reference sources, such as encyclopedias or dictionaries, that are arranged alphabetically by word or term do not require page numbers or need to be included in your bibliography. Abbreviate the Latin term sub verbo, or “under the word,” in your note to indicate this.

Sacred texts

• For sacred texts such as the Bible, Koran, or Torah, cite the work in your notes, but not the bibliography. In the note, provide information about the chapter and verse, but not the page number. If there is a version, put that information in parenthesis after the chapter and verse information.

Book with title within the title:

• If a book title contains the title of another book, remove the italics to indicate the title of the other work.

Article in a scholarly journal:

Article in a newspaper:

• If there is no section or edition information, end with the year of publication.

A review

An unsigned article:

Article in a magazine:

The Chicago form prefers that citations of online sources use a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI is a long string of numbers and letters that provide a unique identifier for an online object, such as an article or book. However, many online objects do not have a DOI. In that case, the Chicago form asks you to use a stable URL. If no stable URL is available, and the URL for your source is very long, you may shorten it to include only the domain name.

• For example: http://www.nytimes.com.

Article in an online database:

• Cite the source as you would a print article then include the DOI or stable URL. If neither exists, end the citation with the database name.

A work from a website:

• If there is no author listed, use the name of the publication’s sponsor as the author and do not not repeat the sponsor after the name of the website.

Article in an online reference work, such as Wikipedia:

• Well-known reference sources, such as encyclopedias or dictionaries, that are arranged alphabetically by word or arranged by term do not require page numbers. Abbreviate the Latin term sub verbo, or “under the word,” in your note to indicate this. Additionally, sources like these do not need to be included in your bibliography; including the source in your Notes page is sufficient.

E-books

• For electronic books consulted online, include a DOI or url. For a downloaded ebook, indicate the online vendor such as Kindle or Google Books. Since pagination is often affected by text size or form factors in electronic publications, you may use chapter numbers or section titles in place of page numbers (see the Forgiving Esther example above).

Article in an online scholarly journal:

Article in an online newspaper

• Extremely long URLs may be shortened to include the address to the domain name, as in the examples above.

Article in an online magazine:

Blog entry:

Email:

• Email sources should be placed in the notes, not the bibliography.

Podcast:

• For a podcast, include the performer’s name followed by the episode title, the host’s name, show title, sponsor (if any), the medium (podcast audio or podcast video), date of publication and URL.

A dissertation:

An advertisement:

• Advertisements should be placed in the notes, not the bibliography.

Artwork:

• Works of art should be placed in the notes, not the bibliography.

Film or video clip:

• Include the writer(s), the date the film was originally released, the studio’s location and name, and the year your recording was released. At the end of your citation, include the medium of the film: DVD, videocassette, etc.